The article examines the process of niche standardization in medical research as an example of democratizing strategies implemented in industry-funded science. I argue that niche standardization can lead to undesirable epistemic and ethical consequences, if the various goals of research are not properly aligned. I examine two examples: the case of Sarafem, approved for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women, and the case of BiDil, approved for exclusive use in African Americans for the treatment of congestive heart failure. (...) I conclude by cautioning against the unqualified support of democratizing strategies in industry-funded research. (shrink)

The shooting bias hypothesis aims to explain the disproportionate number of minorities killed by police. We present the evidence mounting in support of the existence of shooting bias and then focus on two dissenting studies. We examine these studies in light of Biddle and Leuschner’s “inductive risk account of epistemically detrimental dissent” and conclude that, although they meet this account only partially, the studies are in fact epistemically and socially detrimental as they contribute to racism in society and to a (...) social atmosphere that is hostile to science as scholars working on issues of racism come under attack. We emphasize this final point via recourse to Kitcher’s “Millian argument against the freedom of research.”. (shrink)

We study the SIS and SIRI epidemic models discussing different approaches to compute the thresholds that determine the appearance of an epidemic disease. The stochastic SIS model is a well known mathematical model, studied in several contexts. Here, we present recursively derivations of the dynamic equations for all the moments and we derive the stationary states of the state variables using the moment closure method. We observe that the steady states give a good approximation of the quasi-stationary states of the (...) SIS model. We present the relation between the SIS stochastic model and the contact process introducing creation and annihilation operators. For the spatial stochastic epidemic reinfection model SIRI, where susceptibles S can become infected I, then recover and remain only partial immune against reinfection R, we present the phase transition lines using the mean field and the pair approximation for the moments. We use a scaling argument that allow us to determine analytically an explicit formula for the phase transition lines in pair approximation. (shrink)

The English translation of the Weiny Romele introduction to the Martini-Ricoeur interview.

Nursing history has been a much debated subject with a wide range of work from many countries discussing the profession’s identity and questioning the nature of nursing and professional practice. Building upon a review of the recent developments in nursing history worldwide and on primary research that examined the structure of mandated nursing history courses in 14 nursing schools in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, this paper analyzes both the content and the pedagogical style applied. We postulate that the (...) study of history offers an important opportunity for the development of student learning, and propose that more creative and dynamic teaching strategies be applied. We argue the need for professors to be active historical researchers, so they may meaningfully contribute to the development of local histories and enrich the professional identities of both nursing students and the profession. We conclude that historical education in nursing is limited by a traditional and universalist approach to nursing history, by the lack of relevant local sources or examples, and by the failure of historical education to be used as a vehicle to provide students with the intellectual tools for the development of professional understanding and self‐identity. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Business ethics research has long been interested in understanding the conditions under which ethical consumption is consistent versus context-dependent. Extant research suggests that many consumers fail to make consistent ethical consumption decisions and tend to engage in ethical decisions associated with ingroup identity cues. To fill this gap, four experiments examine how construal levels moderate the influence of ingroup versus outgroup identity cues in ethical consumption. The studies support the contention that when consumers use concrete construal to process information, they (...) will focus on ingroup cues and make ethical consumption decisions that are aligned with ingroup biases. However, when consumers use abstract construal, they will act more consistently with their inner goals rather than focusing on ingroup and outgroup cues. Social goodwill, which indicates desires to give back to society, is identified as mediating the effects. The findings have important implications for ethical consumption and social influence literature. (shrink)

Gender bias is a recalcitrant problem in academia and society. However, dissent has been created on this issue. We focus on dissenting studies by Stephen J. Ceci and Wendy M. Williams, arguing that they reach conclusions that are unwarranted on the basis of the available evidence and that they ignore fundamental objections to their methodological decisions. Drawing on discussions from other contexts, particularly on manufactured dissent concerning anthropogenic climate change, we conclude that dissent on gender bias substantially contributes to the (...) exacerbation of biases in society and an increasing number of attacks on researchers, making it both epistemically and socially problematic. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Jahrgang: 2016 Heft: 209 Seiten: 301-321.

Expanding on recent philosophical contributions to the conceptual and normative framework of scientific imperialism, I examine whether the economics approach to social epistemology can be considered a case of economics imperialism and determine whether economics’ explanatory expansionism appropriately contributes to this philosophical subfield or not. I argue first that the economics approach to social epistemology counts as a case of economics imperialism under a broad conception of the term, and second that we have good reasons to doubt the appropriateness of (...) the incursion of economics into social epistemology, insofar as economics’ attempt at explanatory unification fails to express significant human interests. (shrink)

The growing body of research on interdisciplinarity has encouraged a more in depth analysis of the relations that hold among academic disciplines. In particular, the incursion of one scientific discipline into another discipline’s traditional domain, also known as scientific imperialism, has been a matter of increasing debate. Following this trend, Scientific Imperialism aims to bring together philosophers of science and historians of science interested in the topic of scientific imperialism and, in particular, interested in the conceptual clarification, empirical identification, and (...) normative assessment of the idea of scientific imperialism. Thus, this innovative volume has two main goals. Indeed, the authors first seek to understand interdisciplinary relations emerging from the incursion of one scientific discipline into one or more other disciplines, such as in cases in which the conventions and procedures of one discipline or field are imposed on other fields; or more weakly when a scientific discipline seeks to explain phenomena that are traditionally considered proper of another discipline’s domain. Secondly, the authors explore ways of distinguishing imperialistic from non-imperialistic interactions between disciplines and research fields. (shrink)

: Para que se possa abordar a sociabilidade em Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), é importante mencionar a importância que a autora confere, em suas obras, à necessidade de organização dos grupos humanos por meio de regras, assim como de que essas regras sejam seguidas para a preservação da vida em conjunto. Segundo a autora, a política é a maneira humana de convívio entre os homens e mulheres por meio do gerenciamento de questões emergentes, sem o uso de qualquer coação. Ainda, para (...) ela, a igualdade não se origina da linhagem, do status social, mas da igualdade no sentido de poder agir em conjunto. Assim o indivíduo tem um importante papel a ser exercido na esfera política, enquanto cidadão. Nesse contexto, é preciso que haja um “espaço público”, bem como, que os cidadãos tenham a liberdade para expressar-se, podendo contestar, discutir as ideias e ideais, sem utilizar-se de qualquer tipo de violência, buscando, por meio dessa elaboração conjunta, adquirir outros direitos, por exemplo, à saúde, à educação, à moradia, ao emprego. A existência da possibilidade de ver e ser visto, discordar e poder expor isso, para Arendt, apenas ocorre em uma convivência política, na pluralidade, buscando a elaboração de regras para a organização do grupo em que vivem e pelo qual se sentirão partícipes e responsáveis. Ou seja, é uma atitude que ocorre em um espaço público de encontro de iguais, enquanto cidadãos, diferentes, enquanto seres únicos por nascimento, a fim de conseguir, mesmo que momentaneamente, a garantia de paz no convívio das singularidades. O presente texto visa a destacar a importância da necessidade dos laços de sociabilidade em um Estado Democrático de Direito, a partir da obra Origens do Totalitarismo, no qual Arendt descreve o Regime Totalitário vivenciado por ela, bem como, a ruptura dos laços de sociabilidade, fatos passíveis de discussão para pensar a situação política, não somente do Brasil como também de outros estados considerados democráticos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arendt; Política; Sociabilidade; Ordenamento Jurídico; Totalitarismo. (shrink)

A coherent and helpful public policy based on science is difficult to achieve for at least three reasons. First, there are purely practical problems—for example, that scientific experts often disagree on policy-relevant questions and their debates often continue well beyond policy appropriate timelines. Second, there are epistemic problems—for example, that science is hardly the neutral supplier of factual information that traditionally has been supposed. And third, there are social problems: given the commercialization of today’s science and its enduring limitations, much (...) of scientific research today fails to meet the moral and political standards one would expect it to meet in order to inform public policy. In this paper, we examine such problems in the context of breast cancer screening policy and suggest the role philosophy of science should play in dealing with the situation. (shrink)

The Workshop of Being brings into conversation Jonathan Edwards and William James on the pragmatic value of religious experience. The author shows how Edwards and James employ psychological dynamics and theological and philosophical investigations to interpret religious feeling and its value for the transformation of an unfinished universe in need of repair. The Workshop of Being offers a meditative analysis of the work of America’s two greatest thinkers on the nature of religious experience.

O artigo apresenta um esboço de programa de pesquisa sobre a recepção filosófica da psicanálise, baseado em uma dupla proposta: 1) a formulação de uma história dessa recepção, 2) a possibilidade de extrair dessa história, um método. A argumentação se desenvolve em duas direções: i) na caracterização geral das maiores tradições de recepção filosófica da psicanálise — as tradições alemã, anglo-saxã e francesa —, seguida da análise específica dos trabalhos da filosofia brasileira da psicanálise e do freudismo filosófico francês; ii) (...) na discussão de questões metodológicas: a) de história, b) de método e c) de locus, que constituem o problema de saber se uma história da recepção filosófica da psicanálise pode nos fornecer, ou não, um novo método de pensamento. A principal conclusão do trabalho é a de que um programa de pesquisa sobre a recepção filosófica da psicanálise, concebido nos termos aqui propostos – história e método –, deve ser levado adiante especialmente pela recepção filosófica brasileira da psicanálise, isto é, tudo indica que é do conjunto de pesquisas realizadas no Brasil que poderá surgir uma “história e método da recepção filosófica da psicanálise”. (shrink)

O artigo analisa a ideologia da equipe econômica do governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, que orientou sua ação por uma racionalidade instrumental. Foi feita uma análise comparativa com as equipes econômicas dos governos anteriores, mostrando que a equipe do governo Cardoso abandonou o modelo desenvolvimentista para retomar o modelo clássico liberal. No entanto, o neoliberalismo da equipe de Cardoso não entende o mercado como um meio para se promover o desenvolvimento econômico e social. Herdeiros da geração pós Consenso de Washington, vêem (...) o mercado como um fim em si. A relação que esses economistas estabeleceram com o mercado é quase religiosa, porque nele depositaram total confiança. Para estes economistas, era como se o mercado fosse uma entidade superior que naturalmente resolveria os problemas econômicos e sociais. Sob esse pretexto, colocaram em prática no país políticas típicas do neoliberalismo, que prevêem o desmantelamento do Estado e das grandes conquistas políticas e sociais. Na verdade, essa idolatria em relação mercado configura a irracionalidade desses economistas que defendem explicitamente os interesses de um segmento da classe dominante, a saber, a burguesia financeira internacional. O que leva à conclusão de que não houve autonomia da equipe para elaborar as políticas econômicas do governo, porque seguem as receitas dos organismos internacionais. A autonomia só se estabeleceu em relação às classes trabalhadoras, que não participaram de qualquer negociação que lhes dizem respeito. (shrink)

In this paper I identify a tension between the two sets of works by Kuhn regarding the genesis of the “new historiography” of science. In the first, it could be said that the change from the traditional to the new historiography is strictly endogenous. In the second, the change is predominantly exogenous. To address this question, I draw on a text that is considered to be less important among Kuhn’s works, but which, as shall be argued, allows some contact between (...) Kuhn’s two approaches via Koyré. I seek to point out and differentiate the roles of Koyré and Kuhn – from Kuhn’s point of view – in the development of the historiography of science and, as a complement, present some reflections regarding the justification of the new historiography. (shrink)

As coreografias institucionais no cenário da pandemia da COVID-19: o ensino e a aprendizagem no modo remoto emergencial,de Ernandes Rodrigues do Nascimento e Maria Auxiliadora Sozares Padilha, último capítulo, trata das experiências de aprendizagemdos estudantes utilizando diversas metodologias ativas de acordo com os objetivos das aulas. Para eles, quando as coreografiasinstitucionais são focadas em melhorarem a experiência dos usuários, a IES termina criando condições que podem lhe dar suporteem momento de crise, minimizando, assim, os impactos negativos.

A questão dos letramentos e da inovação demonstram-se fundamentais em períodos históricos como o atual, onde as práticas de ensino-aprendizagem tornam-se cada vez mais complexas, que requerem novas abordagens teóricas para compreendermos possibilidades alternativas de ensino. Tendo estas questões em mente, este artigo visa indicar relações possíveis entre o antifundacionismo, o pensamento de Paul Feyerabend e os letramentos científicos. Em um primeiro momento indicaremos questões relativas ao antifundacionismo, e em seguida verificaremos como tal questão se efetiva no pensamento de Feyerabend. (...) Finalizaremos avaliando como esta abordagem pode fundamentar novas práticas educacionais. (shrink)

Weisberg and Muldoon’s epistemic landscape model (ELM) has been one of the most significant contributions to the use of agent-based models in philosophy. The model provides an innovative approach to establishing the optimal distribution of cognitive labor in scientific communities, using an epistemic landscape. In the paper, we provide a critical examination of ELM. First, we show that the computing mechanism for ELM is correct insofar as we are able to replicate the results using another programming language. Second, we show (...) that small changes in the rules that determine the behavior of individual agents can lead to important changes in simulation results. Accordingly, we claim that ELM results are robust with respect to the computing mechanism, but not necessarily across parameter space. We conclude by reflecting on the possible lessons to be gained from ELM as a class of simulations or cluster of models. (shrink)

Espinosa nunca explicitou uma teoria sobre educação. Contudo, a leitura da sua obra dá-nos pistas para pensar a educação. A via para o conhecimento, que implica a interação de aspectos cognitivos e afetivos, dá-se como encontro daquele que se conhece com o conhecido, resultando no verdadeiro conhecimento, o qual é indissociável da felicidade suprema e do aumento de potência. O ignorante e o sábio são duas figuras extremas do devir-ético enquanto possibilidade de transformação inerente à existência humana, permitindo-nos refletir sobre (...) a relação ensino/aprendizagem. (shrink)

Apresentamos aqui o entrecruzamento de duas filosofias da vida, a de Renaud Barbaras, tema central desse texto, e a da Henri Bergson, que preside o ponto de vista a partir do qual nos interessamos pela fenomenologia contemporânea. Nosso objetivo é expor, de uma forma geral, como a diferença com Bergson desempenhou papel relevante na constituição da obra de Barbaras. Mais explicitamente, buscamos pontuar as referências do livro Le Désir et la Distance a Bergson e mostrar como as críticas à teoria (...) da vida como criação foram incorporadas por essa proposta original, filiada à escola fenomenológica e inspirada sobretudo por Merleau-Ponty, que entrelaça percepção e vida através do desejo. Apontamos também alguns ganhos que a leitura de Matéria e Memória, especialmente da teoria da percepção pura ali desenvolvida, recebe do confronto com a fenomenologia de Barbaras. (shrink)

Argumentation involves offering and/or exchanging reasons – either reasons for adopting various attitudes towards specific propositional contents or else reasons for acting in various ways. This paper develops the idea that the force of reasons is through and through a normative force because what good reasons accomplish is precisely to give one a certain sort of entitlement to do what they are reasons for. The paper attempts to shed light on what it is to have a reason, how the sort (...) of entitlement arising from reasons differs from other species of entitlement and how the norms by which such entitlement is assessed obtain their status as norms. (shrink)

In recent decades, philosophers of science have become increasingly concerned with the social dimensions of scientific knowledge. Philosophers such as Helen Longino, Philip Kitcher, Miriam Solomon, Heather Douglas, and Janet Kourany have sought to incorporate the social aspects of science, while retaining the normative commitments of philosophy of science. Some of the major theoretical approaches in social epistemology of science, however, tend to ignore or underestimate the role that the current state of science organization plays in the production of scientific (...) knowledge.1 The world has changed significantly in recent decades, and science has changed with it. The.. (shrink)

Introduction à l'Entretien réalisé par Giuseppe Martini avec Paul Ricoeur, en 2003.

This essay seeks a new approach between philosophy and neuroscience inspired by the recent ontological turn to think about one of the affects modulations across the contemporary sociopolitical scenario. In this regard, it theoretically triangulates the appropriation of Spinoza's philosophy by neuroscientist Antonio Damasio and the reception of Damasio's neuroscience by philosopher Catherine Malabou, taking Gilles Deleuze as a connecting point between these perspectives. It proposes to think the concept of destructive plasticity as a metamorphosis in the organism that, shocked (...) by some traumatic event, turns to a new configuration that deactivates its somatic markers and ends up taking a form of disaffection. Finally, it concludes by bringing this figure closer to what Achille Mbembe, taking the death drive as central concept for thinking necropolitics, names as "lumpenradical". (shrink)

As a result of increased interest in global health, more and more medical students and trainees from the.

Esse artigo defende que as ressonâncias da filosofia de Bergson no século xx francês ultrapassam a divisão estabelecida por Foucault entre as filosofias do cogito e as filosofias de sistema. O impacto de sua obra tem como razão principal a capacidade de articular o retorno à experiência e a incorporação do trabalho de sistematização de dados realizado pelas ciências do século XIX. Tal articulação delimita o teor empirista da filosofia de Bergson, que pode ser analisado em comparação com os empiristas (...) do XVIII. Examinamos nesse contexto como o trabalho crítico dirigido às ideias abstratas que conduzem a filosofia a perder de vista o concreto é o fator de convergência entre Bergson e Merleau-Ponty. Por outro lado, mostramos que a análise filosófica sobre a biologia evolutiva relaciona o bergsonismo ao projeto epistemológico de Canguilhem. (shrink)

Despite the importance of the “historiographical revolution” in Kuhn’s work, he did not carry out a specific study about it. Without a systematic investigation into it, he even affirms that the “old” historiography of science (OHS) is unhistorical, suggesting its summary disqualification in the face of his “new historiography” of science (NHS). My wider project, of which this paper is a part, is to better discuss the issue of the justification of the NHS. In this paper, I discuss the justification (...) (and the genesis) of the OHS, focusing on Condorcet and Comte and resorting especially to Koyré. This will allow us to understand that the relation between the OHS and the NHS is a new instance of inter-theoretical incommensurability. And, indeed, that the NHS is not stricto senso a new historiography. It is the same historiography used for other disciplines (art, philosophy), which in the twentieth century begins to be applied to science as well. (shrink)